Global Challenges in Information Systems

Global Challenges in Information Systems Intro: In this modern times, the world operates on numerous information systems. It is evolving rapidly and the functionality of it is seemingly increasing and so information system is becoming a requirement and not a choice. Today, an electronic network which is the internet allows access to a vast amount of information sources. This indicates every single individual and organisations can obtain information with no problems if the entity has internet access. Currently, information is accessible from database, WAIS (Wide Area Information Servers), gopher, and a wide variety of sites which contains information across the web. Every large company worldwide that relies on e-commerce have been globalized through the internet and so companies such as Amazon, VF, Ebay or Walmart are very successful in terms of marketing and sales. However, opportunities in a global scale presents several challenges including culture and language, distance and time. With the creation of the internet, the augmentation of global markets is feasible. There is an abundance in terms of the number of business transactions that occurs each day through the internet globally. The use of information technology provides support to business processes that allows operations such as business-to-customer or business-to-business transaction to be easier. Cultural challenge The information system is conflicted internationally by cultural differences in various other countries and areas of the world. Every country in the world has its own traditions and culture that may differ from and not accustomed to other country.ÂÂ   These dissimilarities form a cultural barrier in which affects companies that endeavor global trade. The difficulties that businesses will encounter are managing people, tastes, issue with ethics, gestures and specific groups averse to Westernisation. An American commercial fast-food franchise company such as McDonalds may find it difficult to establish other franchisee in other continent like Asia due to preference of taste. The technologies applied to entice the customers in the United States to McDonalds taste of food could be irrelevant as it may not work in Asia. Therefore, organisations managing food products must examine and alter the taste of their food to ensure that they satisfy the local demands. Language challenge: On the internet, the most common language used is English. However, there is only a fraction of 26.3 percent that speaks English as opposed to 74.7 percent of non-English speaking countries. (https://www.statista.com/statistics/262946/share-of-the-most-common-languages-on-the-internet/). There is a seemingly an issue with the translation of information to other languages which causes a laborious process of translating the precise meaning of the info from one language to another. Google has provided a solution in translating dialogue, text, pictures, or real-time videos into 103 different languages. (http://www.bgr.in/news/google-translate-turns-10-now-supports-103-languages-translates-100-billion-words-every-day/). The challenge that large companies which retains international partners must decide on choosing a common language. Information is required to be translated due to the lack of computers capability to accurately translate words. The Challenge of distance and time: Time differences is a challenge for people to communicate with others that resides in a different part of the world. The products may have a delivery time of days, weeks or even months to be received to other countries. This creates delays and disruption with business transaction which causes employees and customers located in different countries to have difficulty with getting connected. VF, an apparel manufacturer company has formed an idea of constructing new communication tools that make it easier for everyone to work together. (reading review1) By doing this, it allowed them to combat these challenges and provided a solution they need to increase the longevity of their company. Conclusion: Looking at the global challenges in information system stated above shows us the overview of companies that uses e-commerce must deal with.ÂÂ   Modern technology and the use of internet is changing how Businesses and organisations around the globe is operating. More and more are advertising their products online to effectively make sales. Companies utitlise technology to ensure handling good teamwork is attained across geographical boundaries. However, there is a concern for challenges that come with the development of technology in information systems.

Therapeutic Actions Of Gamma-Oryzanol As A Novel Food Supplement

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder in which the individual experiences episodes of symptoms arising from the large intestines, without the presence of any definite disorder. It is characterized by the presence of a number of symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, discomfort, defective bowel habits, diarrhoea constipation, production of gas, distended abdomen, sensation of having evacuated incompletely, presence of mucous in the stools, etc. The symptoms tend to decrease when the individual passes stools and worsens when the individual consumes food.Several other non-specific symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, chest pain, increased urination, incomplete bladder evacuation, tiredness, malaise, etc, are also experienced. The incidences range from 7% to 17%, and the mean prevalence including undetected cases is 2. 9 to 6. 5%. The incidence is higher in females than males (61-68%). The findings seem to be similar in Australia, US and Europe. The incid ence according to the sub-types includes constipation type is 16%, diarrhoea type is 21% and alternate type is 63%. In America, one out of every five adults develops IRB, but the incidences seem to be greater (Tack, J. 006, 701-709). The exact cause for IBS is still not understood. The intestinal wall consists of several layers of muscles that propel the digested food from the stomach to the rectum. This takes place in a co-ordinated fashion, such that the relaxation and contraction of the muscles propel the food in the right direction. However, in IBB, the contractions are more forceful and prolonged causing several symptoms such as abdominal pain, production of gas, diarrhoea, etc. Sometimes, the contractions may be weak and very short, leading to the stools becoming hard and dry.As the disease is seen with higher incidences in certain families, potential genetic factors are also being suggested. Several factors such as alternations in the nerve control to the muscles, changes in the control of sensations to the muscles, intestinal dysbiosis, hormonal problems (because the symptoms tend to worsen around the menstrual period in women), etc. The symptoms may tend to worsen especially on consumption of certain foods (such as caffeine products or alcohol), stress, or certain illness (Mayo Clinic, 2005, Introduction, Causes & Risk Factors).Studies have shown that eating certain food substances and avoiding others may in fact help to lower the symptoms of IBS. Patients seeking dietary advice benefit a lot from consumption of a specific diet and avoidance of certain substances. Some patients may benefit from elimination of certain food substances and slow reintroduction into the diet. The individual should avoid consuming large amounts of food at one time. Instead, smaller doses should be consumed more often (NDDIC, 2006). Individuals with the diarrhoea subtype may have symptoms especially when they consume lactose or dairy products, excessive amounts of fruits or sorbitol.Individuals with the constipation subtype may experience symptoms whenever they avoid fibre and water in their diet, as the stools become hard and dry. Some individuals may experience symptoms of excessive gas production, bloating and flatulence, whenever they consume beans, cabbage, cauliflower or uncooked broccoli. Consumption of low to moderate amounts of fat in the diet may help to reduce the symptoms of IBB, because fat stimulates the intestinal sensations and motor activities (Mertz, H. R. , 2003). Although fibres lack the experimental data, it has been recommended as a therapy for individuals suffering from IRB.Fibres are carbohydrates that are not digestible, but can be broken down by certain bacteria present in the intestines. Fibres are of 2 types, namely, soluble fibre and insoluble fibres. The soluble fibres are present in several fruits such as citrus fruits, apples and beans, and also in certain vegetable such as psyllium. These soluble fibres dissolve in the water and form a gel-like substance. It helps to evacuate the stools, and thus can be utilised in both the diarrhoea and constipation subtypes. Psyllium supplements are also available in supplements.Insoluble fibres on the other hand, add bulk to the stools, make them softer and help it to be evacuated easily. They are present in wheat bread, bran and several vegetables (AAFP, 2006). So far, three placebo controlled studies have been performed on psyllium, but only one comprehensive trial has been completed. Psyllium helped to reduce the stool transit time, and also improved the easy, frequency and consistency of the stools, compared to placebo. However, side-effects may also develop including allergy, defective absorption after administration of certain drugs and obstruction of the intestines.Peppermint oil also showed some amount of benefit in IBS, by reducing smooth muscle contraction, and had a more superior effect compared to a placebo (Sheisenger, M. H. , 2006, Gastrointestina l Disorders Addressed by CAM Therapies). Bran received a lot of enthusiasm for use in IBS in the 1970’s and 1980’s. It was recommended routinely by the gastroenterologist. However, RCT’s show only limited benefits. When administered to 14 patients, the symptoms of pain, discomfort, elimination of mucous containing stools, had decreased, compared to those not being administered a high fibre diet.In another RCT, bran tablets and placebo tablets were being administered to patients belonging to 2 groups. Constipation had reduced in the case group. Some individual may not tolerate bran and may instead benefit from consuming whole wheat bread (Bouchier, A. , 1984, 872-873). Some individuals may give complaints of gas production and bloating whenever they consume a diet rich in fibres. This usually occurs when the fibre content is food is suddenly being increased. Such symptoms are usually temporary and slowly reduce, as the individual gets used to the higher fibre con tent in the diet.The individual should eat a high fibre diet by consuming a variety of foods. Fibre supplements including Metamucil or Citrucel should be consumed gradually, along with plenty of water (NDDIC, 2006). Studies have shown that individuals developing pain may also benefit from high fibre content as they tends to keep the intestines mildly distended. In this way, stools can be emitted painlessly. The fibre content should be increased by 2 to 3 grams a day. Besides, increasing the fibre content, the individual should also consume large quantities of water a day, as it helps to reduce both diarrhoea and constipation.Six to eight glasses of water should be consumed in a day. The individual should avoid sodas, as they increase the gas production and cause a lot of discomfort (NDDIC, 2006). Excessive amounts of fat and caffeine can cause the intestines to contract excessively resulting in development of severe abdominal cramps. Others foods such as alcohol, chewing gum, and co coa should also be avoided. Chewing gum may increase the intake of air into the digestive tract. The individual should have an idea of the foods that cause problem, and should hence avoid them after discussing with the physician (AAFP, 2006).Probiotics are food supplements that contain microorganisms which are potentially beneficial for health. These substances ensure that the gut is being colonised by friendly organisms. In the early part of the 20th century, Metchinkoff discovered that certain bacterium when consumed in the form of foods such as yoghurt could help improve the micro-flora present in the intestines. Studies conducted in individuals suffering from demonstrated that such patients generate large quantities of hydrogen gas and volatile short-chain fatty acids, suggesting a disturbance in the gut microflora (P&G Health Sciences Institute, 2005).RCT’s conducted on individuals with IBS consuming Lactobacillus plantarum showed that several symptoms such as abdominal discomfort and flatulence were relieved. Probiotics adjust the intestinal microflora to a more health state. Many researchers feel that IBS may be caused due to significant changes in the intestinal microflora. Another study showed that individuals with IBS having their intestinal microflora removed through colonic lavage and having microflora inserted from a healthy donor benefited with a reduction in the symptoms.Streptococcus faecium (brand name Pareghurt) contained in freeze-dried cultures help to improve the symptoms in about 81% of the patients. Studies may not show significant benefits of alternative therapies, but some amount of advantages can be obtained (Hasler, W. L. , 1999, 1900). Probiotics administered in the form of Bifidobacterium infantilis, Lactobacillus plantarum and VSL # (a combination of micoorganisms), seemed to produce prominent effects, although they seemed to vary from one individuals to another.This may be due to variations in the dose, presence of ineffec tive bacteria, or other factors (Tallej, N. J. , 2006). Probiotics are also effective in reducing diarrhoea. Previous meta-analysis conducted with Lactobacillus strains have demonstrated that probioitcs help to reduce diarrhoea following administration of antibiotics. Another trial conducted utilising a different bacteria (S. boulardii) showed that the bacteria contained an enzyme which helped to destroy a toxin secreted by another microorganism that caused diarrhoea (Sheisenger, M. H. 2006, Gastrointestinal Disorders Addressed by CAM Therapies).Some of the probiotics available in the market today contain different strains of lactobacillus bacteria. These strains colonise different areas of the intestinal mucosa, encourage synthesis of several vitamins required by the body, prevent the disease-causing microorganisms from colonising the gut and also helps in the digestion of food (as these bacteria contain beneficial enzymes). Some bacteria such as Bifidobaceria additionally help in metabolism of bile acids (P&G Health Sciences Institute, 2005).Probiotics do seem to be very useful when consumed often as a supplement in IBS as such individuals may have a disturbed intestinal microflora. However, further studies need to be conducted until more consistent results are being obtained. At present the results obtained from studies are inconsistent, because the factors that could be playing an important role in the manner in which these probiotics act are not clearly understood. Gamma-oryzanol is a steryl ferulates mixture obtained from brown rice bran oil.It has a number of beneficial activities in the body, and especially has very good antioxidant effect. The oil is also being utilised in sunscreen. The oil acts as an organic radical scavenger which was able to reduce oxidation of lipids. Several tests conducted in the laboratory using several scavenging systems such as scavenging DPHH radical, and OH or O2- scavenging radicals have demonstrated the antioxidant prope rties of gamma-oryzanol. Oxidation acceleration tests were being performed to compare the effect of gamma-oryzanol with other antioxidants such as BHA and BHT.The antioxidant properties of gamma-oryzanol may be attributed to the presence of large amounts of PUFA. Small quantities of gamma-oryzanol added to other oils helps to prevent lipid oxidation (Juliano C. , 2005, 146-154). Studies conducted on the on gamma-oryzanol demonstrate that it may beneficial to reduce any disturbance in the functioning of the autonomic nervous system. Stress-related ulcers were reduced to some extent in animal administered gamma-oryzanol (Itaya, K. et al, 1976, 474-481).Studies have also demonstrated that gamma-oryzanol produces a stimulating and as well as a inhibiting effect on the movements of the gastric and ileal mucosa. This is produced due to the effect of gamma-oryzanol on the central nervous system (Mizonishi, T. , 1980, 47-55). Due to the mucosa-protective function, anti-oxidant effect, and c ontrol over bowel movements, gamma-oryzanol, has shown some beneficial effect in helping to reduce the symptoms of IBS. However, detailed human studies need to be conducted in order to determine the precise effect that gamma-oryzanol can produce.

Brief Model Comparison of How Conflict is Presented in Act 3 Scene 1 of Romeo and Juliet and The Laboratory Essay

Despite being written two centuries after Romeo and Juliet, The Laboratory by Robert Browning, taken from the 1842 collection, Dramatic Lyrics, explores many aspects of conflict that relate to both the Elizabethan and Victorian societies. Written as a dramatic monologue rather than a play, Browning uses the poem to expose how jealousy and envy lead to a catastrophic build-up of internal conflict, which results in her desire kill her rival by poisoning her in the presence of her lover. However, while it is clear that both Shakespeare and Browning are interested in presenting similar aspects of conflict within their respective societies, their approach to presenting these conflicts is rather different. Indeed, while Romeo and Juliet was written at the time as a play that was meant to be performed for an audience both in theatre and later as a film production, The Laboratory is a poem in the form of a dramatic monologue with a silent listener. Moreover, although Act 3 Scene 1 conveys aspects of conflict through a heavily male dominated scene, The Laboratory is delivered solely from the point of view of a female. As a result, when comparing how both texts present conflict, it is important to realise England was a different place in the 19th century; the growing industrial revolution was coupled with new scientific discoveries, and this meant that society placed less importance on religious belief and traditional behaviour. This is quite different to the context of Romeo and Juliet, where an Elizabethan society was strictly governed by social norms, limiting how people behaved, dressed and defined their sexuality. Firstly, both Shakespeare and Browning attempt to explore the conflict between religious belief and human morality. Both writers use religious imagery to externalise the internal conflict between religion and human morality building up inside each character. Browning uses anti-religious imagery right from the first stanza with the phrase ‘devil’s smithy’ and later by sarcastically referring to an ‘empty Church, to pray God in’. On the contrary, Shakespeare juxtaposes the change in Romeo’s character after Mercutio’s death by contrasting the line ‘away to heaven respective lenity’ with ‘fire-eyed fury be my conduct now. ’ While both references were considered blasphemous (against religious belief) in both the Elizabethan era and the Victorian era, Browning makes the blasphemy more explicit through the word ‘devil,’ and the juxtaposition between the word ‘empty’ and ‘God’ highlights the growing conflict between scientific development and religious belief in Victorian society. This conflict is further reinforced by the positive imagery of death created through the oxymoron ‘pure death’. Indeed, in the 19th century, more people lost faith in religious belief, when scientific theories like Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution began to create even more conflict between religion and science in society, so the idea of killing someone became both spiritually and morally easier. Yet, because society was stricter in the Elizabethan era, Shakespeare used alliteration in the letter ‘f’ in ‘fire eyed fury’ to add more emphasis to Romeo’s devilish behaviour†¦

Differences between The Birds the Movie and The Birds...

The Birds nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Birds, the movie was directed by Alfred Hitchcock and was based on the short story â€Å"The Birds† written by Daphne du Murrier. If you would have read the book and then watched the movie, you would see that very few things are the same. In both the short story and the movie flocks of gulls, robins, crows, and sparrows join each other. This is really weird because different species of birds never work together. The story and the film both have the same climate. It is cold and chilly; â€Å"the ground is frozen and it will be a black winter.† The climate gives the versions of the story a creepy and suspenseful feeling. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Each version also has the main characters boarding up†¦show more content†¦Is Melanie or the lovebirds really evil in the film, or in the story is it just the black winter and the tides? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The short story and the film have differences too but none of these differences really affected the main plot. The short story’s setting is placed just south of London, England right after World War II. The films setting is in Bodega Bay just a little ways away from San Francisco and takes place in the 1960’s. In the film a mad woman accused Melanie of bringing â€Å"evil† and causing the attacking of the birds. In the story birds attacked when the tide came in and in the film the birds attack at different times, over and over. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The characters are totally different in the two versions. The short story’s main characters are a family; a husband, a wife, and two children. The film’s characters are a woman and a man, and the man’s mother and younger sister. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the film, it shows more of the school and the children then it does in the short story. The radio is also more involved in the short story then it is in the film. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;More events happen in the film, such as the fire at the gas station and the restaurant. 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